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WORKS CITED

"Berlin Conference of 1884-1885: Africa's Great Civilizations, The", PBS Learning Media, https://detroitpbs.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/6031c3a2-ada9-42b4-8045-52006e2a2b07/the-berlin-conference-of-1884-1885/, Accessed 8 September 2024.

Berlin, Jessica, et al, "The Blood Gold Report: How the Kremlin is using Wagner to launder billions in African gold", The Blood Gold Report, https://bloodgoldreport.com/, Accessed 2 October 2024.

Bonsu, Osei, African Art Now, San Francisco, Chronicle Books LLC, 2022.

Carter, Sarah and Patta, Debora, "Russia's Wagner Group accused of using rape and mass-murder to control an African gold mining town," CBS News, 25 May 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20231013141206/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-wagner-group-central-african-republic-bambari-massacre-rape-mass-murder/, Accessed 30 September 2024

"Essential Cobalt: Why is Cobalt Important?", The Cobalt Institute, 8 September 2024, https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/essential-cobalt-2/, Accessed 8 September 2024.

Global Engagement Center, "The Wagner Group’s Atrocities in Africa: Lies and Truth," U.S. Department of State, 8 February 2024, https://www.state.gov/the-wagner-groups-atrocities-in-africa-lies-and-truth/, Accessed 30 September 2024.

Inwood, Joe, and Tacchi, Jake, "Wagner in Africa: How the Russian mercenary group has rebranded," BBC, 20 February 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68322230, Accessed 30 September 2024.

Lusenge, Julienne, "DR Congo quagmire poses an existential question to Southern Africa’s leaders", African Arguments,16 August 2024, https://africanarguments.org/2024/08/congo-quagmire-poses-an-existential-question-to-southern-africas-leaders/, Accessed 19 August 2024.

"Mining Tax Guide 2023", Minnesota Department of Revenue, State of Minnesota, https://www.revenue.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/2023-10/2023-mining-tax-guide.pdf, Accessed 24 September 2024.

Ojewale, Oluwole, "What coltan mining in the DRC costs people and the environment", The Conversation, 29 May 2022, 

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"ORDER NO. 3335, Reaffirmation of the Federal Trust Responsibility to Federally Recognized Indian Tribes and Individual Indian Beneficiaries", U. S. Department of the Interior, 20 August 2014, https://www.doi.gov/document-library/secretary-order/3335-reaffirmation-federal-trust-responsibility-federally, Accessed 8 September 2024.

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"Responsible Sourcing", The Cobalt Institute, 8 September 2024, https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/cobalt-sourcing-responsability/, Accessed 8 September 2024.

Snoussi-Mimouni, Monia and Avérous, Sandra, "High demand for energy-related critical minerals creates supply chain pressures", The World Trade Organization: The WTO Blog, 10 January 2024, https://www.wto.org/english/blogs_e/data_blog_e/blog_dta_10jan24_e.htm, Accessed 7 August 2024.

Suagee, Dean B. “Tribal Environmental Policy Acts and the Landscape of Environmental Law”.  Natural Resources & Environment, Volume 23, Number 4, Spring 2009.

Way, Sarah. “Integrating artisanal mining into the formal economy would benefit African miners and economies alike”. Atlantic Council, 12 July 2024, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/integrating-artisanal-mining-into-the-formal-economy-would-benefit-african-miners-and-economies-alike/, Accessed 7 October 2024.

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